Virus, weapon, litter, industry: Generative metaphors that shape policy around emerging threats

This article examines the use of generative metaphors in the context of interference operations, particularly focusing on trolling and disinformation. It begins by emphasising the crucial role of metaphors in shaping perceptions of cybersecurity issues and subsequent government policies. To demonstrate this, the study delves into two case studies – the Philippines and Australia – analysing how their historical and political contexts have shaped the metaphors they employ to address trolling and disinformation. The article evaluates the effectiveness of these metaphors in both cases, considering their impact on policy formulation. It employs Allan McConnell's methodology to assess process and program success, ultimately concluding that, while the virus metaphor conveys urgency, it falls short in addressing the root causes of trolling. Conversely, the industry metaphor, as exemplified in the Philippines, promotes accountability and regulation.