Sensing and geotechnologies for soil characterization

Geotechnologies encompass the devices and approaches for collecting and analyzing geospatial data. In terms of soil this includes remote and proximal data collection, visualization, and analysis procedures. The breadth of spectral and related information available has resulted in numerous artificial intelligence and more specifically machine learning-based applications related to soil sensing. This chapter examines recent applications including technologies such as the Internet of Things and other connectivity considerations. Examples of data analysis approaches and machine learning are examined at both proximal and remote scales, with a focus on emerging trends in data fusion, hyperspectral data, and the need for specific consideration of frameworks for large projects. This includes a recommendation for a concerted effort going forward to make more specific comparisons of machine learning approaches.