Seedbanks and seedling emergence of saffron thistle ('Carthamus lanatus') in eastern Australian pastures

Weed management has often proved difficult because of persistent seedbanks that allow recruitment to occur for many years after the weed has otherwise been controlled. The number of seeds in seedbanks of 'Carthamus lanatus', a widespread and troublesome weed, has not been investigated. Little is known about longevity of its seedbanks in pastures of eastern Australia. The numbers of seeds in the soil and the rate of seed loss were investigated at 3 sites in eastern Australia. Seedbanks were found to be patchy, and they had mean densities between 815 and 2290 seeds/m² after the main germination flush. These seedbanks decreased over time and between 11 and 15% of seeds remained in the soil after 2 years without further input. More seeds were lost in the first year than in the second year, and pasture cover did not affect the rate of seed loss. Seeds buried in mesh bags and exhumed regularly showed that dormancy was lost, induced, then lost again within the 2-year experiment. Maximum seed germinability coincided with peak germination times. The likelihood of a seed producing a seedling was reduced when seeds were sown at high density. 'C. lanatus' seeds appear to be well adapted for persistence in eastern Australian pastures by maintaining a bank of seeds that generally germinate when conditions favour seedling survival.