Occurrence and Molecular Identification of Ancylostoma caninum as the Predominant Hookworm of Dogs in Faisalabad, Pakistan

Several canine zoonotic soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs) represent important veterinary and public health concerns in tropical and subtropical regions. Most of the diseases caused by these helminths also classified as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Despite the endemic nature of these cSTHs, they are poorly studied in underdeveloped countries. This study investigated the occurrence of Ancylostoma (A.) spp. in owned and stray dogs in Faisalabad, Pakistan, using microscopy and multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR. A total of 150 faecal samples (75 owned, 75 stray) were analyzed. Ancylostoma eggs were detected in 52% (95% CI, 43.7–60.2%) of dogs, with a significantly higher occurrence in stray (77.3%) than owned dogs (26.7%). Molecular analysis confirmed A. caninum as the predominant hookworm species infecting dogs in the region. Lack of deworming, uncontrolled feeding, poor hygiene, outdoor housing and bad health status (based on BCS) were identified as significant risk factors. These findings highlight the need for molecular surveillance and integrated control strategies, including deworming, improved hygiene, and effective dog population management, to mitigate zoonotic risks.