'Japanese music' can be popular

Traditional genres, modern popular music, 'classical' concert music and other styles of music-makingin Japan can be viewed as diverse elements framed within a musical culture. Bourdieu's concept ofhabitus, and Williams' of dominant, residual and emergent traditions, are helpful in formulating aninclusive approach, in contrast to the prevailing demarcation between traditional and popular musicresearch. Koizumi Fumio first challenged the disciplinary separation of research on historical 'Japanesemusic' and modern hybrid music around 1980, and the influence of his work is reflected in a smallnumber of subsequent writings. In Japanese popular music, evidence for musical habitus and residualtraits of past practice can be sought not only in characteristics typical of musicological analysis;modal, harmonic and rhythmic structures; but also in aspects of the music’s organisation, presentation,conceptualisation and reception. Among these are vocal tone and production techniques, technicaland evaluative discourse, and contextual features such as staging, performer-audience interaction,the agency of individual musicians, the structure of corporate music-production, and the use of songsas vehicles for subjectivity. Such an inclusive approach to new and old musical practices in Japanenables demonstration of ways in which popular music is both part of Japanese musical culture andan authentic vehicle for contemporary Japanese identity.