Immunomodulation Enhancing Bone Healing

A significant change in the concept of osteosynthesis was recorded by the end of the last century and the early years of the new one. From a simple metabolic/hormonal concept of bone regeneration, first to an inflammatory concept, eventually moved to a more complicated immunological description. Bone repair process was found to be interfered with age, by diabetes, nutrition, hormone connection, autoimmune diseases, rheumatic arthritis, and nicotine. A new branch of medicine emerged, the Osteoimmunology, yet partially only successful in explaining bone repair.