Floral ontogeny and gene protein localization rules out euanthial interpretation of reproductive units in 'Lepironia' (Cyperaceae, Mapanioideae, Chrysitricheae)

'Background and Aims': In the sedge subfamily Mapanioideae there are considerable discrepancies between the standard trimerous monocot floral architecture expected and the complex floral and inflorescence morphologies seen. Decades of debate about whether the basic reproductive units are single flowers or pseudanthia have not resolved the question. This paper evaluates current knowledge about Mapaniid reproductive structures and presents an ontogenetic study of the Mapaniid genus 'Lepironia' with the first floral protein expression maps for the family, localizing the products of the 'APETALA1/FRUITFULL'-like ('AP1/FUL') MADS-box genes with the aim of shedding light on this conundrum. 'Methods': A range of reproductive developmental stages, from spikelet primordia through to infructescence material, were processed for anatomical and immunohistochemical analyses. 'Key Results': The basic reproductive unit is subtended by a bract and possesses two prophyll-like structures, the first organs to be initiated on the primordium, which grow rapidly, enclosing two whorls of initiating leaf-like structures with intervening stamens and a central gynoecium, formed from an annular primordium. The subtending bract and prophyll-like structures possess very different morphologies from that of the internal leaf-like structures and do not show 'AP1/FUL'-like protein localization, which is otherwise strongly localized in the internal leaf-like structures, stamens and gynoecia. 'Conclusions': Results support the synanthial hypothesis as the evolutionary origin of the reproductive unit. Thus, the basic reproductive unit in 'Lepironia' is an extremely condensed pseudanthium, of staminate flowers surrounding a central terminal pistillate female flower. Early in development the reproductive unit becomes enclosed by a split-prophyll, with the whole structure subtended by a bract.