Environmentally-adjusted efficiencies of Vietnamese higher education institutions: a multi-stage bootstrap DEA method

This paper analyses the operational efficiencies of Vietnamese higher education institutions (HEIs) after three decades of transition to the market-orientated economy. Using data from 112 universities and 141 colleges in the period 2011-2013, a new stage is proposed to integrate the bootstrap procedure into the environmentally-adjusted multi-stage DEA approach to measure the efficiencies of HEIs. The findings indicate that the efficiencies of HEIs are relatively low and are strongly affected by environmental variables, namely, ownership, location, age and financial capacity. Some managerial implications are discussed in improving the performance of HEIs.