Effects of Gender Group Norms on the Endorsement of Same-Sex Attraction, Behavior, and Identity

Previous studies have often revealed differences between the acknowledgment of same-sex attraction and rates of bisexual or homosexual identification. This study contends that social influences (including the perception that same-sex sexual attraction is not gender normative) as well as prejudice toward bisexual persons (biphobia), may help explain this discrepancy. In this study, the authors tested whether, in line with a social identity approach, manipulating social factors regarding the gender normativity of bisexuality influenced participants' self-perceptions of their sexualities and expression of biphobia. Male and female participants (N = 416) were randomly assigned to read one of two narratives comprising fictitious neurological research evidence, which claimed that their own gender was more naturally bisexual than the other gender (Condition 1), whereas a control group (Condition 2) did not receive any information regarding the gender normativity of bisexuality. Results indicated that men endorsed significantly more same-sex attraction when bisexuality was presented as being more normative for their gender. Gender-normative information produced no significant difference in terms of men's sexual behavior and identity, or women's sexual attraction, behavior, and identity. Results also indicated no significant differences between conditions in biphobia toward bisexual persons of either gender. Irrespective of condition, male and female participants endorsed significantly more biphobia toward bisexual men than bisexual women.