Economies of parasite body size

Parasitism has independently evolved multiple times across the entire tree of life, and there are numerous parasitic representatives from every major eukaryote kingdom. In animals alone, parasitism has independently evolved at least 200 times. If there are any organisms that one might think would have access to limitless resources, it would be parasites. You would think that living in or on the body of their host, which serves as both a habitat and a food source, would provide parasites with bountiful resources to maximise every aspect of their existence, especially reproduction. But parasitism is not a loophole out of life history trade-offs. There is still a fi nite amount of resources that a parasite can obtain and allocate to its many needs. Living in a resource rich environment has allowed many parasites to grow to sizes that are of multiple orders of magnitude larger than their free-living relatives. But that does not mean that the underlying economy of nature and its limitations are inapplicable to parasites.