Circadian variation in resource quality: leaf water content and its relevance to eastern grey kangaroo 'Macropus giganteus' and common wombat 'Vombatus ursinus'

Green leaves of six grass species in temperate Australia showed considerable circadian variation (especially in summer) in water content, which peaked late in the night and fell from sunrise to an afternoon minimum. In summer, water content of a set of 'wetter' species ('Axonopus affinis', 'Pennisetum clandestinum' and 'Paspalum dilatatum') was consistently higher and varied less profoundly through the 24h than that of a 'drier' set ('Imperata cylindrica', 'Poa labillardieri' and 'Themeda triandra'). Hour-to-hour and day-to-day variation in leaf water content of 'P. dilatatum' in summer partly but imperfectly reflected ambient temperature. Recognizing the risks for herbivores of visiting water sources, we considered leaf water content as a source of free water for leaf-grazing herbivores, eastern grey kangaroos 'Macropus giganteus' and common wombats 'Vombatus ursinus'. Using known field metabolic rates, energy requirements and digestive efficiencies, we calculated these two species' free-water intakes when satisfying their energy needs with these grasses but distributing their grazing in different schedules. Both species would obtain more free water by their observed foraging schedules than by random or daytime-only schedules.We calculated that the measured grasses could satisfy the water requirements of wombats but not always those of kangaroos, who would need to drink when forage water content was less than about 70%. Water content of grass leaf could rise above and fall below this value within a day, creating some scope for kangaroos to manage their need to visit water by adjusting foraging schedules or choice of grass species. In future studies, circadian variation in leaf water content should be considered as a factor (together with their thermal physiology) driving herbivores' activity scheduling, and affecting their dietary selection.