Alcohol and authority in early New South Wales: The symbolic significance of the spirit trade, 1788-1808

Alcohol was a persistent problem for the early governors of New South Wales. Despite repeated orders to limit the volume of spirits allowed into the colony, Phillip, Hunter, King and Bligh all failed to control the trade that helped establish a rival commercial elite and was seen as a leading cause of crime. This regulatory struggle is the basis for an exaggerated view of the distinctive significance of rum in the colony; despite recent revisionism our understanding of the trade still requires a broader context. In fact, the official failure to restrain the trade was unsurprising, given the ubiquity of alcohol in eighteenth century Britain and the peculiar importance of spirits to the colonial economy. But the status of drunkenness as a symbol of disorder meant that the unregulated trade undermined the colony's status as a convict reformatory and challenged the authority of the early governors.