Advanced Statistics for Environment Behavior Research: Multi-level Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling

This chapter serves as a conceptual introduction to two advanced statistical procedures that are becoming increasingly influential in environment-behavior research: multi-level modeling and structural equation modeling. The chapter is intended for researchers and graduate students who have a basic background in statistics but are not familiar with more advanced approaches to multivariate modeling. The chapter is organized into two parts. The first part focuses on multi-level modeling, introducing basic principles and highlighting practical issues associated with designing studies and conducting analyses. The second part focuses on structural equation modeling and follows a similar format.